Historical background of Indian Polity

1600 British traders (EIC)

1757 Battle of Plassy

1764 Battle Buxar

Treaty of Allahabad---East India company got Diwani rights of Bengal/Bihar /Orrisa

Diwani rights revenue + civil rights

Regulating act of 1773

The Governor general of Bengal was designated to the governor-general of India.
Governor general (4) (assist governor general).
Governors of madras & Bombay were made subordinate to the governor-general of Bengal's centralized administration.
Court of directors to report British about civil-military and revenue affairs of India.
The Court of directors is governing the body of East India Company.
Prohibit servants of the company from any private trade.
Establish a supreme court at Calcutta.

Pits India act

The Court of Directors manages commercial affairs.
The Board of directors manages political affairs civil and military
Calcutta became the British capital of British possession in India.
A secrate committee of the board of control and court of directors is made to bypass the company during an emergency situation.
Governor general reduced from 4-3
The Governor-general got veto power.
The British government had direct control over the Indian administration.

Chartered act of 1793

Charted act of 1813

Rises of Napoleon ->continental system
Demanded entry in India & dissolve monopoly of east India company.
Ended the commercial monopoly of East India except for tea trade and trade with china.
financial grand toward the revival of Indian literature.
1 lakh to promote education in India education.
Christian missionaries were allowed to come to British India & preach their religion.
renewed East India company charted for another 20 years.

Charted Act of 1833 (Saint Helena Act)

Ended activities of the company as commercial body & now made administrative body.
In trust for this majesty his her successors.
open competitive exams first time introduced.
Set up India law commission(1st chairman-lord Macaulay to codify all Indian laws).
Deprived the governor of Bombay Madras and their legislative power (Governor-general of India exclusive legislative power of entire India).
Governor general of Bengal -> governor-general of India William Bentick.

Charted Act of 1853

Extended East India Company Rule (not specific period) East India company can be terminated at any time by Parliament
Open recruitment system of selection and recruitment of civil servants (India allowed)
First Indian to be selected was Satyendra Nath Tagore (1864)
Separated both functions Executive -governor general council
legislative function-legislative council (Indian/central legislative council) 6 members 4 members appointed by local Government Bombay, Bengal, Agra, Madras

Charted Act of 1858

Act for the good government of India (EIC Abolished) power transfer to the crown.
Abolish of Board of council and court of directors.
Secretary of state of India (lives in Britain Member of British Cabinet) Responsible to the British parliament.
Viceroy of India (direct representative of the British crown).

Charted Act of 1861

Now British government felt the necessity for seeking cooperation from the Indians in the administration of their country.

Indian with law-making programs(viceroy should nominate some Indian as nonofficial member in Legislative council.
Process of decentralization by restoring legislative power to Bombay and madras presidency.
new legislative council for Bengal north western frontier province and Punjab.
Empowered viceroy to make rules and order in the council+ issue ordinance concurrence of legislative council (during emergency 6 months)
Lord Canning Nominated 3 members Rajah of Benaras, Maharajah of Patiala, Sir Dinkar Rao.
Portfolio System Introduced.

Indian council act 1892

The number of nonofficial members in the central and provincial legislative council increased. But still, the majority of official members Increase of legislative council's powers to discuss and address questions to the executive
Nomination of some nonofficial members in provincial legislative council made by the governor on the recommendation of the district board, municipality, university zamindar, etc.
Central legislative council nonofficial members were appointed by the viceroy on the recommendation of the provincial legislative council+ and Bengal chamber of commerce.
The word election not used in this act.

Indian Council act of 1909

Central legislative size increased from 16 to 60 Provincial legislative council size also increases(still a nonofficial majority but allowed non-official majority in the provincial legislative council.
Enlarge the function of the legislative council both eg supplementary question + more resolution on the budget.
Indian associate in viceroy and governor executive council Satendra Prasad Sinha was the first.
Communal representation of Muslims (separate electorate).

Government of India act 1919

First-time responsible government.
central legislative council abolished now bicameralism upper house(majority of members by direct election) lover house.
Division of subject central subject and provincial subject.
Provincial subjects are divided into transfer subjects and reserved subjects.
Reserved subject law made by the governor without response to the provincial legislative council.
Transfer subject governor makes law in response to the provincial legislative council.
Extend communal representation for Sikh Anglo Indians and Christians.
Establishment of public service commission.
1926 central public service commission setup.
reduce the function of the sectary of state by transferring certain power to a new office to the high commissioner of London.
Separated first-time provincial budget from the central budget.
After 10 statutory commissions inquired about the working of the act i.e Simmon commission 1927 was appointed.

Government of India act 1935

The largest act of the British government came in 1937 discontinued in 1939.
All India federation province+ princely states power divided between center&unit.
Residuary power to the viceroy.
Extended communal representation (separate electorate for depressed class SC women).
List federal list, Provincial List, Concurrent List.
Diarchy in the province was abolished.
Provincial autonomy.
Diarchy at the central subject Transfer subject viceroy law-making with the consent of legislative council) Reserved subject (viceroy law making without asking legislative).
In extended franchises, about 10% got the right to vote.
Establishments of RBI to control the currency of the country.
Establishment of federal public service commission, provincial public service commission, and joint service public commission.
establishment of a federal court set up in 1937 after Independence known as the Supreme Court of India.
council of India secretary of state abolished now a team of advisors.

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